But at the end, they have whole scenes, sometimes multiple scenes from the same play, sometimes context, so they tell you what happened before and after in the story. We’re willing to bet that at some point in school, you read at least of one Shakespeare’s plays. Books, just generally speaking, and especially books in English, were very, very rare even at universities. So, I don’t think that those ideas, in terms of student experience, were quite as widespread as I’d like to imagine. The students wanted to study Shakespeare?HAUGHEY: Right, and they made that apparent too. It’s so delightful to talk with you professor. One is Zimbabwe and the other is Canada. To actually get the kids up on their feet is chaotic, and loud, but it’s wonderful. Shakespeare and theater are a popular culture, and they don’t really have a place in the high-brow elite educational institutions of the time.BOGEAV: But you found that even though these students weren’t reading Shakespeare in class, a lot of them were reading Shakespeare outside of class, the way we go to movies and play video games outside of class. I mean it still is really popular, but it was very popular in the 19th century. But before I answer the question, let me address this word ‘should’, because whenever I’m told I ‘should’ do something, or read something, or think something or be something, I tend to resist it. There was an amazing explosion of creativity in the Elizabethan era, and we’re still feeling it in our popular culture today. Should we be abbreviating or changing those classics in any way, such as a graphic adaptation of Shakespeare? The idea that Shakespeare should be performed out loud in the classroom and it just took off. Many of them, even in the early 19-teens, 1920s, are talking about performance-based ideas. Death and bereavement. The readers will endure through to the end of the 20th century before they really give way to really the anthology genre. Previous: Peter Brook | Next: Shakespeare's Sonnets. Dr. Haughey was interviewed by Barbara Bogaev.Our podcast, O This Learning, What A Thing It Is!, was produced by Richard Paul. That happens later in the 20th century, but there were certainly some teachers doing it and certainly some teachers writing about it and trying to get that spark started very early in the 20th century. And that’s really exciting to me to see that there. “And Shakespeare can also be useful and highly relevant in school History lessons. Professor Joseph Haughey of Northwest Missouri State University takes us back to a time when educators didn’t take Shakespeare seriously and English wasn’t even a subject in school. Dame Helen Mirren has suggested that the works of William Shakespeare should not be taught in schools. Students had to, through the literary societies, make their own.BOGEAV: Just what you want in an institution of higher learning: someone who doesn’t want you to search out books. Want more? So a class would have these readers and they would do a lot of their work from them. We’ve done interviews with people who’ve made an immersive 3D version of Hamlet. Instead, the Oscar-winning actor proposed that … He writes an English journal. And, in fact, it was because he was so popular on stage, at a time when theater was low-brow, that it’s not appropriate to include him in schools.If you go to a theater in the 19th-century United States, you would… it would not be uncommon to find prostitutes there. So therefore it’s possible to believe that Lady Macbeth is, for example, a feminist warrior, when she’s actually a mentally ill accessory to murder. Shakespeare Reinvented or just another Tragedy of Errors? That process was believed to allow students to exercise their brain in a way that made them fit for public service. So, if we point to the Astor Place riots in New York in 1850, we’re starting to see theaters change a little bit. Early on though, no. This was the only sanctioned mode for students to get together in an extracurricular way for a very long time in the 19th century.BOGEAV: So, we’re talking about clubs, like the Hasty Pudding Club?HAUGHEY: Yeah, at Harvard, you’ve got the Hasty Pudding Club. Our activities are perfect for anyone interested in inspiring the next generation; for both teachers and families, in … Published January 7, 2020. Ms. Dusbiber is frustrated by the narrowness of the Western canon and by the expectation that high school students read Shakespeare. Understanding text and understanding the history of words, how they come to us—extremely important in the 19th century in a way that I don’t think is as important as we move into the 20th century. So they were very interested, in terms of whether or not, novels belonged in the formal curriculum. But that the fact that they were reading it outside of class came to influence the curriculum. Garland Scott is the associate producer. How much shift we can have at one institution is fascinating to me.BOGEAV: Yeah, it’s wild. Where they really care about how kids interact with Shakespeare. Shakespeare in education is a passion and I try to visit schools wherever I go. Awful!”HAUGHEY: I think so. And they were expected to be able to work through, translate these languages.BOGEAV: Right. And this is the stuff that really started to make up and become, later in the 19th century, what we would think of as the curriculum, the formal curriculum, as we see English develop as a school subject.BOGEAV: Wow, so they’d get together in someone’s room and they’d read plays, and they’d argue and debate?HAUGHEY: At first, yeah. Change your tone? Why weren’t they studying about this?HAUGHEY: Well, you know, I think the parallel for us might be film studies in 20th century. Did you ever wonder why that is? But are they also studying it as drama? Were they attributed to Shakespeare, these snippets?HAUGHEY: As the 19th century progressed, yes. That would be fantastic.”. “I suppose there’s five or ten big plays that everybody’s heard of, but for the numerous reasons I’ve discussed above, all Shakespeare’s works have value – let’s not forget the Sonnets, and long poems like Venus and Adonis – and if teachers are able to give a flavour of it all, then so much the better. Copyright shakespearemagazine.com. Those later became the books that would make up the curriculum of those first Harvard classes in the Harvard English department in the 1870s.So, the readings that these students did, they became teachers and then they pass it on to their students. The American Colonial education system was directly molded on the English system of Oxford and the Cambridge Universities, and that system just got imported to the colonies. About our impact. Home to the world’s largest Shakespeare collection, the Folger is dedicated to advancing knowledge and the arts. Shakespeare invented many of the phrases and sayings we use today -- "All that glitters is not gold," "Neither a borrower nor a lender be," "laughing stock" and "Love is blind" are just a few. And really, that’s the study of elocution: speaking in a way that gets your audience’s attention and holds it. MICHAEL WITMORE: Dr. Joseph Haughey is a professor in the Department of Language, Literature, and Writing in the College of Arts and Sciences at Northwest Missouri State University. This podcast episode, “O This Learning, What A Thing It Is!,” was produced by Richard Paul. And in my final term at secondary school I wrote and staged a Hamlet spoof called Omlet – it was basically Hamlet meets The Rocky Horror Show. “So English Language is an obvious subject to bring in Shakespeare. “It’s often said that performing Shakespeare is the best way to get to grips with the texts. MICHAEL WITMORE: It’s hard to say something with complete confidence these days, but I’m going to give it a shot, because I’m pretty sure I’m on safe ground. “I suspect most schoolkids don’t study Drama, but I do think it would be bizarre to have a Drama department that didn’t do Shakespeare. “In 2014 FutureLearn did an excellent Shakespeare MOOC (online course) which was presented by Jonathan Bate. Haughey’s research focuses on the evolution of the English curriculum in American schools, and, in particular, the role of Shakespeare in that evolution. So a lot of the readers, the editors like McGuffey, would not mention it in the earlier versions in the early 19th century. Making us better Shakespeare teachers. What Shakespeare wrote, regardless of high brow language, was simply a template for a play. It’s scarcely possible they should pass through the youthful mind and imagination without leaving a stain behind. It wasn’t an amazingly innovative approach or anything, but I was into it, so I got a lot out of it. They were not useful to students. And by that, I mean what would a colonial young man—and I say man, of course, because women were not going to college then—what would that man be trained in, and more importantly why? Elsewhere I saw one quote from a young woman saying ‘As a Chinese Canadian, I don’t want to learn about English writers’. Whether or not something in a modern language generally belonged.BOGEAV: And they wanted to study Shakespeare? Rosalind Elise Parenzan: "I thought Shakespeare was the most antiquated and exhausting thing to read as a teenager and couldn't understand why we still taught it at all. Photo (above) by Lloyd Wolf. So I’m a little bit hesitant of some… well, I guess I want to see it, right? “In Canada, the idea is to replace Shakespeare with Canadian authors, so it’s a kind of nationalist but also virtue signalling move, and it’s nakedly political because they apparently want to erase the historic links between the UK and Canada. Not through plays but through these school readers.HAUGHEY: Well, from an academic prospective, yes. In which case every kid in Britain would end up knowing Shakespeare better than I did before I started Shakespeare Magazine. There’s a series of books, Shakespeare Set Free, that come out of that. I think the notion of teaching… early in the ‘20s, and we even see this later into the 20th century too. Tours. I think there’s something in that, but I also think that now those dreams are co-authored by Shakespeare.”. In the 19th century, if you could read well, if you could speak well, elocution, if you were good at that, that could take you places in the 19th century. Here goes: When you were in high school English, you read a Shakespeare play. The many excellent historians we see on British TV constantly refer to Shakespeare. Shakespeare also provides a helpful entry point for certain subjects, or can be an alternative way to approach things – even if it’s just the obvious route of ‘This is how Shakespeare depicted Julius Caesar, Cleopatra, Henry V, Richard III – how does it compare to what we now understand to be the historical facts?’”. School administrations most often cover the $800.00 fee, but oftentimes parent-teacher organizations or community groups help to pay for part or all of the program. We take it for granted in the 21st century that American students will study Shakespeare. So, as a student, you might be reading Shakespeare, but not know it was Shakespeare. I’m friendly with the team on BBC History Magazine, and they have Shakespeare references in practically every article. You can find more about the Folger at our website, folger.edu.Thanks for listening. Our Shakespeare workshops are designed to maximise the involvement of the pupils and bring Shakespeare to … Ben Lauer is the web producer. Was that considered the best way to master knowledge and also discipline your mind? Hammonds Photography and Web Design, Bristol. But that expectation is not a new one.Hamlet And as theaters reputation changes, Shakespeare’s reputation changes with it. Treachery. Was these short little—and they included oftentimes, pieces from Shakespeare. Almost 200 years later, Kayleigh Töyrä unearths the intriguing tale of how Macbeth was adapted to the forests of Finland. One of them, you write about in your research, is William McGuffey. And we see him going on to do great things for Shakespeare in the United States. You will find teachers who will say well, “No, no, no, if we only have this much time to do to Shakespeare, then we need to do this.” And performance-based approaches take time. This is where we start to see not just books about theology, not just Greek and Latin readers that would be in the official university library, but we’re starting to see periodicals, novels, drama, a much, much wider variety of texts. As we start to see that transition away from studying the classics toward studying Shakespeare in modern language.BOGEAV: It’s funny though, you had these two things kind of on a parallel track for a while in America. Did he just not like Shakespeare? And he generally seemed displeased when anyone asked for a book, and positively forbidding when asked to buy one.” And you’ll find quotations like that frequently about the university libraries, in the Antebellum and through much of the 19th century. You’re not going to see a piece from the Odyssey, you’re not going to see a Shakespeare play included in the sense that you would today. The study of Shakespeare is still important for many reasons. Welcome to Shakespeare Workshops and Performance for Schools. Romeo and Juliet . We read those as, you know, the… in the later 19th century, those teachers were used to having read those as students themselves. And, in fact, it was because he was so popular on stage, at a time when theater was low-brow, that it’s not appropriate to include him in schools. He was one of the first, in the 1870s, to teach English in high school. Do we need to really be stripped, really rigorous, or can we bring in novels, magazines? The session is designed to be an interactive workshop whereby the children are encouraged to … We had technical help from Paul Luke at Voice-Trax-West in Studio City, California, and Patty Holley at public radio station K-X-C-V / K-R-N-W in Maryville, Missouri.If your enjoying Shakespeare Unlimited, and if you’re looking for a way to let other people know about it, please leave us a positive review on Apple Podcasts. And I particularly hate it when people on social media post statements like ‘This should be taught in every school’, as if the whole of humanity has to exactly conform to their own personal likes. Our youngest and oldest readers that I know of were 15 and 85. What tensions have you noticed? You know, the Folger’s Education Program has made great strides from the 1970s and ‘80s, on to today, about working with teachers and making us better English teachers. So, we see in records of books, Shakespeare almost always appearing in the list of the literary society libraries.BOGEAV: Well, it looks like that some of these debating society members went on to eventually teach Shakespeare. The age range is wide, ranging from students in their late teens to retirees in their sixties and older. Don’t trust witches, but fairies are brilliant. We really see a foundation being built that then spreads from institution to institution, both at the secondary and at the university level. But I also think it has to do with… Julius Caesar is a play about… that challenges us to think about the very notion of a republic of democracy, of dictatorship. When they would read, say a snippet from Julius Caesar or Antony presenting, orating to the Roman mob, would they just memorize it and present it? Who was McGuffey? These students have had little or no exposure to arts in education, and some of the teachers who are expected to teach them Shakespeare … There were no copies of Shakespeare until 1720 at Harvard. BARBARA BOGEAV: Why don’t we start by getting a sense in general of what considered a typical American college curriculum in the early 1700s? Doing Shakespeare in Drama is also valuable from a practical point of view. “Politics. The other 75% is made up through a combination of grants and individual donations. “That’s our hallowed text, that’s okay for kids to learn.”HAUGHEY: Well, Julius Caesar was really popular. And when did this shift in attitude towards Shakespeare’s just worthiness in the standard curriculum start to change?HAUGHEY: I think it changes when theater changes. At first, it would be relatively… of the early ones they started in somebody’s room. This was a time when paper is expensive, so the idea of having students write out an answer is not really very practical. It’s fascinating that you say that the fraternities would often compile their own libraries of this literature, and these libraries would have a wider variety of books than the university’s actual library would.HAUGHEY: Oftentimes yes. Most almost everywhere else there were always exactly two societies.BOGEAV: And so, they were reading these popular culture books, their non-sanctioned books, novels and stuff. Thanks so much.Shakespeare Unlimited comes to you from the Folger Shakespeare Library. On our Shakespeare Week website we offer a huge variety of free educational resources for you to download, adapt and use across the curriculum. Whether or not drama, Shakespeare, belonged in the formal curriculum. To be able to memorize everything?HAUGHEY: Yes, and it’s also quite practical. Shakespeare’s reputation was that of popular culture, not appropriate for to be read in school. “There are at least two countries I know of where they’ve tried to kick Shakespeare out of the classroom in recent years. Is there a concept of literature or drama as a course of study already?HAUGHEY: There’s a Shakespeare teacher and book editor, Henry Norman Hudson. Leadership, and the lack thereof. From his point of view, the idea of theatrical Shakespeare, it had no place. And this was a time before… the literary societies pre-date fraternities, athletics. Shakespeare should be taught at school. Every year we help thousands of young people from across the UK become better at teamwork, more confident and more ambitious. But by the time we get to the 1860s, the Civil War, and especially after we’re in the 1870s, we see a shift in the readers. And that’s meant a lot.BOGEAV: Well, we just had a conversation on the podcast about pop culture and teaching Shakespeare and our guests talked about how some teachers are more comfortable than others with bringing things into the classroom, like graphic novels based on Shakespeare. There’s a great quotation of Columbia library. Now, Harvard’s a little bit different because they had several societies. Not only was there a time when Shakespeare wasn’t a part of English in America, there was a time when schools didn’t even teach English in America.Joseph Haughey is a professor in the Department of Language, Literature, and Writing at Northwest Missouri State University. Wonderful books for thinking about teaching Shakespeare that have been really influential. Importance of studying Shakespeare. “That’s an interesting question, as I hadn’t really thought about Shakespeare being taught in schools outside of English Language and Literature classes. And you go back and that’s what you continue to do with your students. Then I went to university and it basically put me off English Literature for the next 25 years.”. It helps to show where our language has come from and how it has evolved. We’re regularly seeing where those—and not only were they bigger, but they were more representative of what we’ll see later in the 19th century of what would become the curriculum, such as Shakespeare. And we can see through that that some of these ideas about literature becoming more mainstream through these individuals.Another good example, Francis James Child. Dating back to the first half of the nineteenth century, the earliest Finnish language translation of a Shakespeare play was fated to fade into obscurity. I can also understand that tackling entire plays can be tough, as youngsters tend to lose interest before the end. They want kids to learn rhetoric, but why Julius Caesar? How did Shakespeare go from popular entertainment to classroom staple? There’s very few books used in the Colonial colleges in this time as well.BOGEAV: Well, that’s interesting. Students would gather together, they would read books together, talk about books together and also talk about current events. Then gradually as they started to be sanctioned by the university, they got bigger. There was a notion in the Colonial and Antebellum periods that Shakespeare was just fine for reading as recreation, but it wasn’t something worthy of study at a university. Yeah, the ideal was that this was a place where wealthy families could send their young men to be trained to grow up to be gentlemen. But his younger brother Richard would have missed out on a grammar school education because the Shakespeares were experiencing financial problems at the time and they could not afford to send him. We don’t read the musical notes, we listen. If it wasn’t for Shakespeare there wouldn’t BE any Drama department. Not to study as literature, but to read aloud because they were exemplars of good elocution, of good public speaking.BOGEAV: Wow, so, no analysis, just snippet. Make it an option for posh schools only.'" So Shakespeare’s works have become a sort of secular Bible, and thus have attained great importance in our culture. (Actually, I know that loads of people do relate to Lady Macbeth. Or was he writing really about theater at large and just picked Shakespeare as an example?HAUGHEY: I think he’s really writing about theater at large here. Interestingly, I sometimes find that films from other cultures like India, South Korea and maybe Turkey seem closer to the Shakespearean style of storytelling than modern day English-language stuff. Certainly, Shakespeare has a pop culture following in 19 th-century theater, but that’s really a distant relation to what he’s doing in schools. If we can hear a speech that bridges, sort of, the study of Latin to the study of English—that's what we started to see at the end of the century. So how did that happen?HAUGHEY: So, it’s fascinating because we have university literary societies that start to pop up. So I was a Young Shakespearean. So, you start to see… there’s a couple of examples earlier in the 19th century, but very few. But mostly they were just training to become, as you say, leaders or gentlemen of society.HAUGHEY: Or gentlemen, yes. Now, we don’t have… I have yet to come across any teacher from the 1870s who was a proponent of it. Theatre is an interactive medium, and a truly engaging lesson on Shakespeare should also allow plenty of opportunity for learner interaction, role-play and discussion. Did you know to speed up when you needed to? Listen to Shakespeare Unlimited on iTunes, Google Play Music, Soundcloud, Spotify, NPR One, or wherever you get your podcasts. of teachers said that their students increased in confidence. Our workshops are fun, interactive, and inspiring. Very limited access.BOGEAV: That’s really wild to think about, and also, I mean we know this in general, but the specifics of it is so interesting. He was whole heartedly against any sort of performance-based approach to teaching Shakespeare. © Folger Shakespeare Library. But even in those periods we see pushback. But he starts off as a student at Washington College, now Washington and Jefferson, and he is in his literary society. A Midsummer Night's DreamThe TempestNathan the Wise, Streaming for freeFull performance + special features. The grammar-school's demanding curriculum was geared to teaching pupils Latin, both spoken and written. There must’ve been teachers thinking, “Let’s think about these plays as actors do.”. “Shakespeare is the most important writer – and arguably one of the most significant human beings – of the last 500 years, so any education system in the English-speaking world would be severely lacking if it didn’t reflect that. Ben Lauer is the web producer. Shakespeare in the Schools' most popular offering. There weren’t the standardized requirements that we have today. McGuffey Readers is just one of those icons of the early days of American education. Oddly enough, some elements of the Mamma Mia! But also now, as we dig deeper into the play, we find that it speaks in many ways, to a young nation.BOGEAV: So, analysis of literary text is happening in education, but it must’ve been kind of piecemeal, right? A digital anthology of early modern English drama, Transcriptions, metadata, and images of manuscripts from the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Because of his place in the canon, Shakespeare may be over-represented in a school’s curriculum (some schools, I discovered, have students reading one play a … Our main building is closed for a multi-year renovation. Follow the tragic fall of the Macbeths, who could defeat anything but their own gullible greed. A Canon development. If I go to the theater in 21st century, there’s a certain decorum that’s expected of me, there’s a certain expectation; we turn the lights down, we pay attention, we’re quiet, we enjoy and respect what’s happening on stage, the actors are expected to behave themselves off stage as well. It was edited by Gail Kern Paster. Ah! America is just this large and spread out place, even back then in the 1850s. Which is ironic, because in England there was a serious proposal in Birmingham, the second biggest city, to change the name of the airport to William Shakespeare International Airport, as it’s receiving such huge volumes of tourists from China who are coming to visit Shakespeare’s Birthplace. In Schools. Lots of good things happening. That… Shakespeare’s name was not included.BOGEAV: Right, it was kind of forbidden. ), “The way Shakespeare’s plays unfold can seem weird at first. Become a teacher member to get access to lesson plans and professional development. The web is awash with ready-made Shakespeare resources, teaching ideas and video clips. And even books… extra reading, Shakespeare for example. That Shakespeare was a good way to inculcate rhetoric into young minds, but also it might possibly corrupt young minds. 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